list  of  publications  and 

SUMMARY  OF  TEE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF 


&S7S1 

wW 


LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS 


-0- 


G.  B.  Morgan,  State  Geologist, 

Cheyenne,  Wyoming. 

Mineral : 

*Albany  County:  Beeler,  1906. 

♦Grand  Encampment  Copper  District:  Beeler,  1905. 

♦Laramie  Peak  Copper  District:  Beeler,  1904. 

♦Mines  In  1907:  Beeler,  1908. 

♦South  Pass  Gold  District:  Beeler,  1903. 

South  Pass  Gold  District:  Beeler,  1904. 

♦Bull.  1,  Mineral  Resources:  Jamison,  1911. 

♦Bull.  7,  Atlantic  City  Gold  District:  Trumbull,  1914. 
Press  Bull.  10,  Mineral  Resources:  Morgan,  Oct.  1,  1920. 


Miscellaneous : 

♦State  Geologist’s  Report:  3eeler,  1903. 

♦Bull.  6,  Mining  Laws:  Trumbull,  1913. 

♦Bull.  9,  Biennial  Report;  1913-14:  Trumbull,  1915. 

♦Bull.  16,  Mining  Laws:  Trumbull,  1917. 

♦Bull.  17,  Bibliography  and  Index:  1918. 

Bull.  18,  Mining  Laws  - State  & Federal:  Morgan,  1921. 

Map,  State  Topographic,  1000-ft.  contour:  Price,  $1.00. 

Map,  State  Geologic:  April  1,  1921. 


Oil: 


♦Bull . 
♦Bull. 
♦Bull. 
♦Bull. 
♦Bull . 
♦Bull. 
♦Bull. 
♦Bull. 

♦Bull. 

♦Bull. 

Bull. 

Bull. 

*Sci. 


♦Map, 

Map, 

♦Press 

Press 

Press 

Press 

Press 


2,  Fremont  County  (Lander  Field)  : Jamison,  1911. 

3-a,  Douglas  Oil  Field:  Jamison,  1912. 

3-b,  Muddy  Creek  Oil  Field:  Jamison,  1912. 

4,  Salt  Creek  Oil  Field:  Jamison,  1912. 

5,  Prospective  Oil  Fields:  Trumbull,  1913. 

8,  Salt  Creek  Oil  Field:  Trumbull,  1914. 

10,  Basin-Greybull  Oil  & Gas  Field:  Hintze,  1915. 

11,  Pt.  1,  Little  Buffalo  Basin  Gas  Field:  Hintze. 

Pt.  2,  Grass  Creek  Oil  & Gas  Field :Hintze, 1915. 

12,  Light  Oil  Fields:  Trumbull,  1916. 

13,  Pilot  Butte  Oil  Field:  Ziegler,  1916. 

14,  Byron  Oil  and  Gas  Field:  Ziegler,  1917. 

15,  Oregon  Basin  Gas  Field:  Ziegler,  1917. 

Ser.,  Bull.  1,  Pt.  1,  Petroleum  in  Granite. 

Pt,  2,  Effect  of  Structure  upon 

Migration  of  Oil:  Trumbull, 1916. 
Big  Muddy-Douglas  Oil  Field:  Trumbull,  1915. 

Rock  Springs  Uplift  (Dry  Lake  Dome:  Trumbull, 1915. 
Bull.  2,  Rawlins  and  Vicinity:  Morgan 
Bull.  4,  Laramie  Basin:  Morgan,  Oct.  24,  1919. 

Bull.  7,  Rock  Creek  Oil  Field:  Morgan,  April  1,  1920. 
Bull.  8,  Osage-Newcastle  Oil  Field:  Morgan,  July  8,1920 
Bull,  9,  Dry  Piney-LaBarge  Oil  Field:  Morgan,  Aug.  1920 


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PRESS  BULLETIN  NUMBER  10. 

October  1,  1920. 

-o- 

G . B . Morgan 
State  Geologist 
Cheyenne,  Y/yoming. 

-0- 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  V/YOMING . 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Introduction  1 

Coal  — 1 

Petroleum * — * 2 

Natural  Gas — — — 3 

Oil  Shale 5 

Iron  and  Copper  — 6 

Precious  Metals  - Gold  and  Silver * — , 7 

Platinum  and  Allied  Minerals 7 

Uranium  (Radium)  7 

Lead,  Zinc,  Tin,  and  Cobalt  — * 8 

Asbestos 8 

Asphalt  (Gilsonite)  — * 8 

Bentonite  9 

Clay  (Brick  and  Fire)  — 9 

Cement  Materials 9 

Epsomite >- 10 

Fuller's  Earth  10 

Glass  Sand 10 

Granite  and  Other  Building  Stones  11 

Graphite 11 

Gypsum  (Gypsite)  12 

Manganese  12 

Mica 12 

Mineral  Waters, 12 

Phosphate  Rock  13 

Potash 13 

Salt  (Halite)  14 

Soda  (Sodium  Sulphate,  Glauber  Salts)  14 

Sulphur 15 

Conclusion * 15 


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SUMMARY  OF  THE  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  WYOMING. 


The  list  of  the  minerals,  both  metallic  and  non-metallic,  that 
are  found  within  the  boundaries  of  Y/yoming,  reads  like  a text  book  or  a 
glossary  of  the  known  minerals.  Few  realize  the  extent  and  value  of 
our  deposits  and  the  great  number  of  minerals  of  economic  value  that  are 
found  in  the  State.  In  fact  a great  many  of  them  have  been  very  little 
prospected,  much  less  developed,  and  practically  nothing  is  known  in  re- 
gard to  them  except  their  occurrence,  A survey  of  the  lesser  known 
minerals  in  this  State  would  be  of  great  value  and  would  probably  lead  to 
much  economic  development.  Inquiries  covering  a wide  range  of  minerals 
are  received  almost  daily  and  the  writers  invariably  request  information 
as  to  the  location,  quality,  quantity  and  immediate  availability  of  the 
mineral  deposits  in  which  they  are  interested.  Much  of  this  information 
is  not  to  be  had  at  the  present  time. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Wyoming  is  colossal  and  incalculable  and 
in  some  respects  intangible.  Many  of  the  common  minerals  that  are  con- 
sidered worthless  to-day  may  become  valuable  and  bring  great  wealth  and 
prosperity  to  the  State  in  the  future.  The  purpose  of  this  article  is 
to  show  the  commercial  importance  and  wonderful  future  of  our  mineral 
deposits. 


COAL. 


Coal  is  mined  on  a commercial  scale  in  eight  counties  of  the 
State;  namely,  Lincoln,  Carbon,  Uinta,  S'Weetwater,  Sheridan,  Y/eston,  Hot 
Springs,  and  Fremont.  Six  other  counties,  Big  Horn,  Converse,  Crook, 
Johnson,  Park  and  Campbell,  also  contain  many  local,  or  wagon,  mines  of 
small  production.  ’Workable  beds  of  coal  are  also  found  in  Washakie, 
Natrona,  Niobrara  and  Albany  counties.  The  above  lists  include  all  of 
the  counties  in  the  State  except  one.  The  production  of  coal  in 
Wyoming  for  1918  was  9,300,000  tons;  for  1919  it  was  7,145,000  tons,  a 
decrease  due  to  labor  shortage.  The  total  value  of  the  coal  produced 
in  1919  exceeded  $15,000,000,00.  In  the  last  five  years  approximately 

40,000,000  tons  of  coal  were  mined  in  Y/yoming,  having  a total  value  of 
about  $80,000,000. 

The  total  workable  coal  resources  of  the  State  may  be  set  out 
as  follows; 

Green  River  Basin  ( Sou thwe stern  Wyoming) . 


Semi -Bituminous 
Bituminous 
Sub  -B  i tuminous 


22,600,000  short  tons. 

174.138.000. 000  » 

491. 500. 000.  000  » 


Total 


665,660,600,000  " 


Big  Horn  and  Wind  River  Basins  (Northwestern  Wyoming) . 


Bituminous 
Sub  -B  i tuminous 
Total 


608,800,000  short  tons. 

3.467.700.000  11  11 

4.076.500.000  short  tons. 


Central  and  Northeastern  Wyoming. 


Mai nly  Sub -B i tuminou s 


408,883,000,000  short  tons, 
1,078,620,100,000  short  tons. 


Grand  total 


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cents  per  ton  is  $107,863,010,000.00.  It  is  estimated  that  approximate!^ 
19,000,000  acres  of  land  in  Yearning  are  coal-bearing. 

The  heat  value  of  Y/yoming  coal  averages  fairly  high.  The  Brit- 
ish thermal  units  range  from  9,500  in  the  lignites  and  sub -bituminous  coals 
to  13,500  in  the  bituminous  coals.  The  Newcastle  bituminous  coking  coal 
and  the  coals  from  southwestern  Y/yoming  show  the  highest  values. 

Y/yoming  coal  deposits  have  been  described  in  the  following  pub- 
lications of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey; 


Field 

Countv 

Bulletin  Number 

Bald  Mountain  district 

Sher idan 

G.  F.  141 

Barber  Field 

Johnson 

Bull.  531 

Big  Horn  Basin 

Bull.  225,  265, 

341,  381 

P.  P.  53. 

Black  Hills 

Bull.  260,  499. 

Buffalo  Field 

Johnson 

Bull.  381. 

Cloud  Peak  District 

G.  F.  142 

Campbell 

Bull.  471 

Carbon 

Bull.  316 

Converse 

Bull.  471,  541. 

Fremont 

Bull.  471,  541. 

Glenrock  Field 

Converse 

Bull.  341 

Great  Divide  Basin 

Sweetwater 

Bull.  341. 

Hot  Springs 

Bull.  541 

Johnson 

Bull.  471,  531 

Lander  Field 

Fremont 

Bull.  316. 

Laramie  Basin 

Bull.  316. 

Lincoln 

Bull,  543. 

Little  Powder  River  Field 

Campbell 

Bull,  471. 

Little  Snake  River  Field 

Carbon  & Sweetwater 

Bull.  341. 

Lost  Spring 

Converse 

Bull.  471 

Natrona 

Bull.  471,  541, 

Newcastle  District 

Weston 

G.  F.  107 

Powder  River  Field 

Campb ell,  Sher idan 

and  Johnson 

Bull.  341,  381. 

Rock  Springs 

Sweetwater 

Bull.  341,  381. 

Southwestern  Wyoming 

P,  P.  56. 

Sundance  District 

Crook 

G,  F.  127. 

Sussex  Field 

Johnson 

Bull.  471. 

Uinta 

Bull.  285,  316. 

7/ind  River  Region 

Fremont  & Natrona 

Bull.  471. 

PETROLEUM. 


The  second  great  mineral  asset  of  the  State  is  probably  petro- 
leum. Wyoming  oils  are  of  two  kinds,  the  light  colored  green  and  brown 
oils  of  high  Baumfe  gravity  and  paraffine  base,  and  the  heavy  black  oils 
containing  an  asphaltum  base.  By  far  the  greatest  production 

values  are  in  the  light  oils.  Generally  speaking,  the  light  oils  are 


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found  in  formations  of  the  Cretaceous  system  and  the  black  oil  comes  from 
much  older  rocks  principally  in  the  Carboniferous  (Permian  and  Pennsylva- 
nian) . 

The  table  following  gives  the  production  of  petroleum  by  counties 
in  1918  and  1919; 


County 

1*18 

1919. 

Big  Horn 

45,260 

bbls. 

54,031.725 

bbls. 

Carbon 

306,294.725 

>• 

Converse 

3,062,026 

3,267,302,225 

It 

Crook 

54,34 

ft 

Fremont 

110,183 

»♦ 

227,  *69*42'- 

*• 

Hot  Springs 

2,951,455 

>• 

2,151,867.135 

Natrona 

5,336,927 

44 

6,018,806.36 

if 

Niobrara 

— 

498,016.695 

«« 

Park 

1,066,836 

H 

773,893.56 

ft 

Sweetwater 

279,465.395 

II 

Uinta  (and  Crook) 

3,600 

II 

2,261.38 

It 

Weston 

— 

117,04 

»! 

12,596,287 

bbls. 

13,560,000.000  bbls. 

For  the  first  six  months  in  1920  the  production  of  petroleum 
amounted  to  7,950,000  barrels.  It  is  estimated  that  the  total  production 
for  1920  will  be  more  than  16,000,000  barrels. 

The  average  price  being  paid  for  doming  oils  to-day  is  $2,85  per 
barrel.  Wyoming  crude  oil  sales  for  this  year  will  exceed  $45, 000, 000, 00 

It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  oil  resources  of  Wyoming.  There 
are  17  fields  in  the  State  where  oil  is  being  produced  for  the  market, 

There  are  17  other  fields,  wherein  oil  has  been  struck  but  not  marketed  as 
yet.  There  are  also  scores  of  prospective  fields  or  wildcat  structures, 
some  of  which  will  probably  be  f ound  to  contain  oil.  More  than  one  half 
of  the  oil  production  in  the  State  is  from  the  Salt  Creek  field.  This  is 
a wonderful  oil  reservoir.  It  has  been  producing  about  10  years  and 
production  is  still  increasing  strongly.  It  is  roughly  estimated  that 
the  Wyoming  fields  contain  oil  reserves  amounting  to  about  400,000,000 
barrels.  The  discovery  of  new  fields  will  naturally  increase  this  figure. 
The  total  production  up  to  1920  from  Wyoming  fields  approximates  50,000,000 
barrels,  which  is  about  12-|$  of  the  estimated  remaining  available  supply. 


NATURAL  GAS. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  promising  of  the  undeveloped  re- 
sources of  the  State  is  natural  gas.  Very  little  use  has  so  far  been 

made  of  the  immense  gas  pools  scattered  throughout  the  central  and  western 
portions  of  the  State  . The  annual  consumption  of  gas  from  the  oil  and 
gas  fields  amounts  to  about  10  billion  cubic  feet,  of  which  about  7 billion 
cubic  feet  are  produced  in  the  Byron  and  Hidden  Dome  dry  gas  fields,  the 
balance  being  obtained  from  the  various  oil  fields.  The  combined  oil 
and  gas  fields  of  the  State  are  capable  of  producing  one  billion  cubic 
feet  per  day  . 

The  following  table  shows  the  estimated  daily  capacity  of  the 
principal  gas  fields,  assuming  the  normal  use  of  the  gas  as  being  from  15 
p to  25/o  of  the  open  flow  of  the  wells. 


cm*  8 moo  Xio  *c*£d  arid  juju  aadava  smea  | ..•  'aanot  «i  bmmt 

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. tesic 


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'■:  o Xio  ad?  mo -At  3%  lo  flDidqafindtoo  isoruse  ©dT  . ©dsd8  an;*  io  eaoid’toc; 
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• 3M  '1231 

arfj  1'  vdxc-y..;o*j  -;IiBi>  dadaraidsa  arid  awe  da  ©lord  £fum>IXol  an’i 
f soil  ^'niad  as  add  lo  sen  Irarioa  add  ^niRsoaaa  raoia£l 

. alls,  add  '■  ....-  • «;xi/  ro  od 


Field 


County 


Normal  Daily  Capac- 
ity in  millions  of 
Cubic  Feet. 


Byron 

Big  Horn 

50 

Oregon  Basin 

Park 

100 

Little  Buffalo  Basin 

Park  & Hot  Springs 

125 

Hidden  Dome 

Big. Horn  & Washakie 

50 

Golden  Eagle 

Hot  Springs 

30 

Big  Band  Draw 

Fremont 

45 

Alkali  Butte 

Fremont 

40 

Rock  Springs 
Powder  River  Station^ 
Pine  Mountain  1 

Sweetwater 

L 

25 

Poison  Spider  | 

Iron  Creek  J 

Natrona 

i 

80 

Mahoney 
Allen  Lake  \ 

Carb  on 

60 

Medicine  Bov;  J 

Curb on 

45 

Lance  Creek 

Total 

Niobrara 

50 

700 

In  practically  all  of  the  producing  oil  fields  casing-head  gas 
is  used  for  power  and  domestic  purposes,  and  in  the  Grass  Creek,  Salt 
Creek,  Elk  Basin  and  Byron  fields  the  gas  is  first  passed  through  ab- 
sorption or  compression  plants  for  the  extraction  of  casing-head  gasoline 
which  amounts  to  about  10,000,000  gallons  per  year.  The  largest  in- 
dustrial use  of  gas  is  for  the  extraction  of  carbon  black.  The  Byron 
field  furnishes  about  10,000,000  cubic  feet  per  day  to  the  carbon  plant 
located  at  Cowley.  Another  carbon  plant  is  located  near  Thermopolis, 
utilizing.gas  from  the  Golden  Eagle  field.  The  capacity  of  this  plant 
is  2,000,000  cubic  feet  per  day.  The  oil  refinery  at  Greybull  is  using 
aboutv  5,000,000  cubic  feet  per  day,  from  the  Hidden  Dome  and  3yron  fields, 
The  city  of  Casper  is  now  preparing  to  take  gas  for  domestic  and  industrial 
use  from  the  Poison  Spider,  Oil  Mountain,  and  Iron  Creek  fields.  The  main 
pipe  lines  have  been  practically  completed  and  distributing  lines  are  now 
being  laid.  Of  the  available  gas  resources  in  Wyoming  only  about  3 per 
cent  is  being  utilized  at  the  present  time.  The  average  market  price 
for  natural  gas  at  the  wells  is  about  4 cents  per  thousand  cubic  feet. 

The  gas  resources  invite  wise  and  economic  development  and  in- 
dustrial use.  They  should  appeal  to  such  industries  as  glass,  brick, 
tile,  and  cement  manufacturing,  especially  since  raw  materials  for  such 
. industries  are  to  be  found  in  many  places  in  the  State.  Burning 
natural  gas  for  carbon  black  may  not  be  wasteful  if  carried  on  in  fields 
where  the  gas  is  not  available  for  other  industries  and  domestic  purposes. 

The  natural  gas-gasoline  industry  depends  to  a great  extent  on 
the  use  of  the  gas  for  fuel  or  carbon  black  after  treatment,  inasmuch  as 
it  would  be  an  unwarranted  waste  of  gas  to  allow  it  to  escape  into  the 
air  from  the  gasoline  plant.  Owing  to  the  high  price  of  gasoline,  great 

development  and  progress  may  be  expected  from  now  on  in  the  production  of 
natural  gas-gasoline  in  Wyoming,  Practically  all  of  the  gas  in  Vfyorning 
contains  a workable  percentage  of  gasoline  and  some  of  it  is  exceptionally 
rich.  Gasoline  extraction  from  dry  gas  must  go  hand  in  hand  with  in- 
dustrial development. 


-4- 


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, 4 aanqaXPToJo  Utizfsub 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5, 

6, 
?, 
8. 
9, 
10 
11 
12 

13 

14 

15 

16 
17, 
16, 

19, 

20, 
21, 
22. 

23. 

24. 


YTYOIIING  OIL  AND  GAS  FIELDS. 

L.O.  - light  oil,  B,  0.  *•  black  oil,  G,  - gas. 


Elk  Basin,  L.  0, 

Byron,  L.O.  & G, 

Cody,  L.O, 

Crystal  Creek,  B.O. 

Oregon  Basin,  G, 

Greybull,  L.O. 

Torchlight,  L.O. 

Little  Buffalo  Basin,  G, 

Grass  Creek,  L.O.  & B.O. 
Golden  Eagle,  G. 

Hamilton,  B.O, 

Kirby  Creek,  L.O. 

'warm  Springs,  B.O. 

Hidden  Dome,  G, 

Maverick  Springs,  3.0, 

Pilot  Butte,  L.O. 

Plunkett,  L.O. 

Hudson,  3.0. 

Dallas,  B.O. 

Lander,  B.O. 

Alkali  Butte,  G, 

Big  Sand  Draw,  G, 

Powder  River  Station,  G, 

Oil  Mountain,  G.  & B.O. 

48,  Dry  Piney, 


25,  Poison  Spider  & Iron 

Creek,  G*  & B.O, 

26,  Bates  Hole,  B.  0. 

27,  Spindletop,  B.O, 

28,  Bolton  Creek,  B.O. 

29,  Big  Muddy,  L.O, 

30,  Salt  Creek,  L.O, 

31,  Moorcroft,  L.O. 

32,  Upton-Thornton,  L.O* 

33,  Osage,  L.O, 

34,  Newcastle,  L.O. 

35,.  Mule  Creek,  L.O. 

36,  Lance  Creek,  L.O.  & G« 

37,  Douglas,  L.O, 

38,  Rock  Creek,  L.O. 

39^  Big  Hollow,  B.O. 

40  Medicine  Bow,  G. 

41.  Ferris,  L.O. 

42.  Mahoney,  G. 

43.  Lost  Soldier,  L.O* 

44.  Rock  Springs,  G. 

45.  Spring  Valley,  L.O. 

46.  Fossil,  L.O, 

47.  LaBarge,  L.O. 


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OIL  SHALE. 


The  oil  shale  beds  of  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Colorado  are  found  in 
the  Green  River  formation  of  Eocene  Age.  This  formation  underlies  vast 
areas  in  all  three  States  and  in  southwestern  Wyoming,  particularly  in 
Sweetwater  and  Uinta  counties,  the  formation  underlies  approximately  3,500 
square  miles.  It  is  estimated  that  the  workable  shale  beds  underlie  at 
least  one  half  that  area.  The  outcrops  of  the  oil  shale  seams  have  been 
examined  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  at  different  places  along 
Green  River  south  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  almost  to  the  Wyoming- 
Utah  line.  Beds  sampled  along  these  outcrops  average  4-§-  feet  in  thick- 
ness. The  results  of  40  samples  taken  by  the  Survey  and  analyzed  show 
an  average  of  15,8  gallons  of  crude  oil  and  six  pounds  of  ammonium  sulphat 
per  ton  of  shale.  It  is  very  possible  that  there  are  richer  deposits 
than  those  sampled  by  the  Survey.  Other  assays  have  been  received  in 
this  office,  showing  yields  ranging  from  23  to  40  gallons  per  ton  and 
the  samples  were  taken  from  beds  15  to  60  feet  in  thickness.  Owing  to 
the  lack  of  data,  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  tonnage  of  available 
oil  shales  in  Wyoming  and  their  probable  yield  in  crude  oil.  It  is 
estimated  by  the  Survey  that  the  Green  River  shales  of  northwestern 
Colorado  will  produce  20  billion  barrels  of  oil.  ’We  have  reason  to 
believe  that  similar  shales  in  Wyoming  are  capable  of  producing  at  least 
one  half  that  much.  The  total  world's  petroleum  production  up  to  the 

present  time  is  about  7 billion  barrels  and  in  the  United  States  about 
5 billion  barrels,  and  probably  not  over  6-g-  billion  barrels  of  oil  re- 
main in  the  ground  in  the  various  oil  fields  throughout  the  United  States 

It  is  a well  known  fact  that  the  consumption  of  petroleum  is 
increasing  far  more  rapidly  than  domestic  production.  At  the  present 
rate  of  consumption  (and  this  rate  is  increasing  every  year),  our  pools 
will  be  exhausted  in  less  than  20  years.  Therefore,  the  future  of  the 
shale  oil  industry  is  assured.  Oil  distillation  is  now  passing  through 
the  experimental  stage  and,  owing  to  the  increasing  demand  for  gasoline, 
lubricants  and  fuel  oil,  it  will  be  a matter  of  only  a very  short  time 
until  oil  shale  plants  will  be  operating  in  Colorado,  Utah,  and  'Wyoming. 

Shale  oil  extraction  is  simply  a mining  and  metallurgical 
proposition  and  is  a matter  of  figuring  plant  and  operating  costs  against 
the  market  price  of  oil  and  by-products,  including  gas  which  is  used  as 
a fuel  in  the  retorts.  There  is  not  the  element  of  risk  in  this  in- 
dustry as  in  prospecting  for  oil  in  unproved  fields.  Given  a prac- 
ticable and  workable  plant  for  destructive  distillation,  one  is  able  to 
calculate  with  extreme  accuracy  the  costs  of  mining  and  treatment  added 
to  the  original  cost  of  the  plant  and  the  amount  of  oil  and  by-products 
that  can  be  extracted  from  a known  deposit  of  shale,  the  contents  of 
which  have  been  carefully  sampled  and  tested.  It  is  also  a simple 
matter  to  calculate  the  available  tonnage  of  workable  shale  in  a given 
area,  especially  if  a diamond  core  drill  is  used  to  sample  the  under- 
lying beds.  Thus,  it  seems  possible  to  forecast  unusually  well  just 
what  to  expect  in  such  ventures. 

Although  we  do  not  believe  that  shale  oil  production  will 
completely  take  the  place  of  our  dwindling  petroleum  supplies,  yet  it  is 
not  inconceivable  that  within  ten  years  our  shale  fields  will  contain 
many  extraction  plants  with  millions  of  dollars  invested  and  employing 
thousands  of  workmen. 


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1 

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' 10 

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si 


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.nenofio  .'  to  afonsasorid 


IRON  AND  COPPDR. 


All  of  the  iron  production  in  the  State  and  most  of  the  copper 
comes  from  the  Sunrise  mines  in  Platte  County,  operated  by  the  Colorado 
Fuel  and  Iron  Company.  The  ore  is  shipped  to  Colorado  to  be  smelted. 

Iron  occurs  as  hematite  in  the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Whalen 
Croup.  The  principal  workable  deposit  is  found  in  the  limestones  and 
schists,  being  developed  mainly  along  and  not  far  from  the  contact  be- 
tween them.  The  Sunr ise-Hartville  mineralization  begins  about  one 
and  one  half  miles  south  of  Sunrise  and  extends  about  four  miles  in  a 
northeasterly  direction  to  a point  about  a mile  south  of  Frederick. 

There  are  also  other  deposits  in  this  region  which  have  not  yet  become 
of  economic  importance. 

The  copper  occurs  associated  with  the  iron  oreS  ana  also  as 
replacement  deposits  in  the  massive  gray  limestones  of  the  Guernsey 
formation.  In  the  iron  deposit,  the  copper  occurs  as  chalcopyrite , 
chalcocite,  and  the  carbonates  and  is  found  ip.  pockets,  whereas  the 
iron  is  found  in  elongated  lenses.  It  is  reported  that  prospecting 
by  the  diamond  drill  has  opened  up  a large  remaining  supply  of  iron 
ore  in  the  Sunrise  mines.  The  shipments  for  3,919  were  446,446  tons 
of  hematite  and  806,4  tons  of  copper  ore. 

Other  copper  mines  in  the  State  are  operating  with  small 
production.  There  are  several  properties  near  Encampment,  Tfyoming, 
in  Carbon  County,  and  near  Holmes  and  Centennial  in  Albany  County, 
that  are  being  re-opened  and  developed  with  the  prospect  of  making  com- 
mercial mines,  and  much  activity  is  promised  in  the  near  future  in  ether 
districts  as  well.  The  recent  discovery  of  an  important  deposit  of 
native  copper  near  Tie  Siding,  Albany  County,  has  brought  renewed 
interest  to  the  possibilities  in  copper  mining  in  that  district.  The 
prospects  or  mines  in  theeSilver  Crown  district  west  of  Cheyenne  are 
also  drawing  attention.  Considerable  high  grade  ore  was  shipped  from 
some  of  these  properties,  in  the  past,  which  was  largely  taken  from 
shallow  workings.  Deep  development  will  probably  open  up  larger  beds 
of  lower  grade  ores.  Prospecting  for  copper  and  associated  minerals 
is  still  going  on  in  the  North  Laramie  Mountains  in  Albany  and  Converse 
counties,  in  Copper  Mountain  south  of  Thermopolis,  and  the  Kirwin  and 
Sunlight  districts  southwest  of  Meeteetse, 

During  the  years  1913-1918,  inclusive,  the  smelter  reports 
showed  5,402,004  pounds  of  fine  copper  produced  from  Wyoming  ores. 

The  production  for  1918  was  852,77?  pounds  of  copper,  valued  at  $210,636; 
for  1919  it  was  124,816  pounds. 

Iron  and  copper,  as  well  as  other  precious  metals  of  Wyoming, 
have  recently  come  in  for  much  attention  and  mention  should  be  made  of 
some  of  the  undeveloped  regions. 

An  immense  deposit  of  titaniferous  iron  ore,  called  Iron 
Mountain,  is  located  eight  miles  west  of  Iren  Mountain  station  on  the 
Colorado  and  Southern  Railroad, in  eastern  Albany  County,  This  de- 
posit has  been  known  for  many  years  and  some  surface  ore  has  been  shipped. 
On  account  of  its  titanium  content  it  is  very  refractory  and  no  process 
has  yet  been  devised  to  treat  it  commercially.  However,  it  is  fairly 
good  ore,  containing  about  50%  iron.  There  is  no  doubt  that  eventual- 
ly some  metallurgical  process  will  be  found  that  will  render  this  de- 
posit of  great  economic  importance,  Gtood  iron  deposits  are  also  known 
to  exist  in  the  Seminoe  Mountains  at  the  foot  of  Bradley's  Peak  about  40 


-6- 


o vi.i;  ;;orj 


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miles  northeast  of  Rawlins.  The  ore  is  reported  to  be  fairly  high 
grade  and  to  contain  very  little  impurities,  such  as  phosphorous  and 
sulphur.  The  available  ore  is  estimated  at  1,500,000,000  tons. 

The  lack  of  transportation  is  probably  the  only  obstacle  in  the  way  of 
the  development  of  this  deposit.  It  is  reported  that  some  prospecting 
and  re-locating  have  recently  been  done  in  the  Seminoe  region  by  one  of 
the  large  oil  companies  operating  in  this  State. 

Another  large  deposit  of  iron  ore  is  located  near  Atlantic 
City  and  still  other  deposits  are  reported  in  the  Wind  River  Mountains 
west  of  Lander.  The  old  Paint  mine  about  two  miles  north  of  Rawlins 
must  also  be  mentioned.  This  mine  was  operated  for  a number  of  years 
and  the  ore  shipped  to  Salt  Lake  City  for  the  manufacture  of  paint. 

It  is  a high  grade  hematite  and  occurs  in  the  Cambrian  quartzite. 

An  important  deposit  of  chrome  iron  ore  is  found  in  Leer 
Creek  Canyon  in  Converse  County  about  15  miles  south  of  Glenrock. 

The  ore  contains  35/s  chromic  oxide  and  11%  ferrous  oxide.  It  occurs 
in  a serpentine  formation  and  the  ore  bed  is  about  600  feet  long  with 
a maximum  width  of  100  feet*  Some  development  work  has  been  done  on 
this  deposit  in  recent  years  and  some  ore  has  been  shipped.  At  the 
head  of  Dutton  Creek,  Albany  County,  another  deposit  of  chrome  iron 
ore  in  mica  schist  has  been  reported. 


PRECIOUS  METALS 
Gold  and  Silver. 

Gold  and  silver,  associated  with  other  minerals,  occur  near 
Holmes,  Centennial,  and  Jelm  Mountain,  Albany  County;  in  the  Bear 
Ledge  and  Black  Buttes  of  Crook  County;  at  Atlantic  City  and  South 
Pass  and  in  the  Owl  Creek  and  Wind  River  Mountains  of  Fremont  County; 
near  Hecla,  Laramie  County;  and  at  Horse  Creek  near  Merna,  Lincoln 
County,  A recent  strike  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  form  of  sylvanite 
has  also  been  made  in'  the  Big  Horn  Mountains  northeast  of  Basin.  The 
Atlantic  City  and  South  Pass  districts  produced  large  amounts  of  gold 
in  the  early  days.  Recent  gold  production  in  Wyoming  is  very  small 
and  most  of  it  comes  from  the  copper  ores  of  the  Hartville,  Sunrise 
and  Medicine  Bow  districts.  Much  placer  mining  for  gold  was 
formerly  carried  on  in  the  Laramie,  Big  Horn,  Bear  Lodge  and  Wind 
Siver  Mountains  and  on  the  Shoshone,  Clark’s  Fork,  Green,  and  Snake 
rivers.  Ho  production  is  reported  at  this  time. 

The  principal  silver  production  also  comes  from  the  copper 
ores  in  the  same  manner  as  the  gold.  Deposits  containing  silver, 
associated  with  other  minerals,  are  found  in  the  Black  Hills  district, 
Crook  County,  in  the  Laramie  Peak  region  and  in  the  Wind  River  and 
Bear  Lodge  Mountains. 


PLATINUM  AND  ALLIED  MINERALS. 

Platinum  and  palladium  are  found  in  the  covellite  ores  of  the 
old  Rambler  mine  near  Holmes,  Albany  County.  This  mine  is  being  re- 
opened by  a new  company  and  important  development  may  be  expected. 

URANIUM  (RADIUM) 

A deposit  of  carnotite  (uranium)  ore  was  accidentally  dis- 
covered in  an  old  silver  prospect  adjacent  to  the  town  of  Lusk,  Niobrara 


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County.  This  ore  has  strong  radio-active  properties  and  is  being 
shipped  to  Denver  for  reduction  and  extraction  of  radium -uranium 
salts.  The  amount  produced  in  1S19  was  71.86  tons  valued  at 
^382.31  per  ton.  The  ore  occurs  in  poclcets  and  lenses  in  a quart- 
site  sandstone  and  is  stained  black,  yellow  and  green.  The  discovery 
of  this  high  grade  material  in  a region  that  was  prospected  for  gold, 
silver,  and  copper  in  the  early  days  should  stimulate  renewed  prospect- 
ing for  the  rare  minerals  that  were  formerly  unknown,  especially  in 
the  region  between  Hartville  and  Lusk  and  in  the  Rawhide  Buttes,  for 
there  are  a number  of  places  where  the  metamorphic  rocks  come  to  the 
surface  with  possibilities  of  mineralisation  in  the  overlying  sedi- 
mentaries . 


LEAD,  ZINC,  TIN,  AND  COBALT. 

Lead  is  found  near  Laramie  Peak  and  Jelm  Mountain,  Albany 
County;  at  Perris,  Carbon  County;  at  Black  Buttes,  Crook  County;  at 
Kirwin  and  in  the  Sunshine  3asin  and  in  the  upper  Shoshone  reg?.on, 

Park  County,  No  production  is  reported  et  the  present  time. 

Zinc  occurs  in  the  iron  ores  of  the  Hartville  district. 

Stream  tin  ore,  cassiterite,  is  found  in  the  Nigger  Hill 
district.  Crook  County,  near  the  South  Dakota  line.  No  production. 

Cobalt  is  reported  in  the  gold  and  copper  ores  in  the  Medicine 
Bow  Mountains  near  Holmes  and  with  the  copper  ores  of  the  Silver  Crown 
district  at  Hecla. 


ASBESTOS. 

Asbestos,  chiefly  of  the  chrysotile  variety,  is  found  in  the 
Casper  and  Laramie  Mountains,  Natrona  and  Converse  counties;  in  the 
Seminoe  and  Medicine  Bow  Mountains,  Carbon  and  Albany  counties;  in  the 
Big  Horn  Mountains,  Sheridan  County;  in  the  Black  Hills,  Crook  County; 
and  in  the  Wind  River  Range,  Fremont  County. 

The  principal  deposits  are  in  the  Casper  Mountains  eight  miles 
south  and  20  miles  southeast  of  Casper  and  in  the  Wind  River  Mountains 
near  Atlantic  City.  In  the  Casper  Range  it  occurs  in  veins  principal- 
ly in  serpentine,  but  sometimes  in  granite  and  schist.  Considerable 
development  work  has  been  done  in  this  district  and  several  mills  have 
been  erected  to  treat  the  low  grade,  short-fiber  material  which  com- 
prises most  of  the  deposits.  Some  manufactured  products  have  also 
been  made  from  this  low  grade  material.  The  deposit  in  Fremont 
County  near  Atlantic  has  yielded  a small  production  of  spinning  fiber, 
but  has  not  been  operated  commercially.  Good  commercial  opportunities 
exist  in  the  development  of  asbestos  properties  in  Wyoming,  which  should 
be  thoroughly  investigated  by  technical  men  of  experience  who  are  also 
familiar  with  the  trade  conditions  and  the  requirements  of  the  asbestos 
industry. 


ASPHALT  ( GILSON ITE) 

A deposit  of  asphalt  has  been  found  near  Lander,  or  about  four 
miles  northeast  of  Fort  Washakie,  in  wells  drilled  for  oil  at  a depth 
of  about  1,500  feet.  It  also  occurs  in  Big  Horn  County  on  the  western 
slope  of  the  Big  Horn  Mountains,  more  particularly  in  Sections  28,  29, 
32,  and  33,  T.  52  N.,  R.  89  W,  No  production  is  reported. 


-8- 


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BENTONITE . 


Bentonite,  sometimes  colled,  medicinal  or  paper  clay,  is 
found,  in  the  lower  Benton  formation  of  Cretaceous  Age  and  occurs  in 
almost  every  portion  of  the  £tace,  especially  in  the  Big  Horn  and 
Laramie  Basins.  The  following  counties  have  available  beds  of 
bentonite:  Albany,  Big  Horn*  Converse,  Crook,  Fremont,  Hot  Springs, 

Johnson,  Natrona,  Park,  Sheridan,  and  Weston. 

Bentonite  is  a light  colored,  plastic  clay,  having  a highly 
absorbent  character  and  is  found  in  beds  ranging  from  a few  inches  to 
five  or  more  feet  in  thickness.  The  outcrops  are  noticeable  for 
their  white,  powdery  appearance,  contrasting  with  the  otherwise  black 
shales  of  the  Benton  formation.  Y/hen  freshly  uncovered,  it  appears 
as  a bedded  joint  clay  and  is  easily  rained.  It  is  used  as  a medic- 
inal clay  ( ant iphlogi stine) , in  making  paper,  and  as  an  adulterant 
in  the  manufacture  of  drugs,  soap  and  many  other  articles.  Present 
output  is  largely  confined  to  a deposit  near  Newcastle.  Deposits 
near  Hock  Creek,  Wyoming,  formerly  produced  considerable  amounts# 

The  Newcastle  production  amounts  to  25  cars  per  year  and  the  price  quoted 
quoted  on  this  material  is  $7.00  per  ton  f.  o,  b.  the  cars  at  Clay  Spur 
Spur,  Wyoming. 


CLAY  (BRICK  AND  FIRE) 


Brick  clay  may  be  found  in  abundance  throughout  the  State. 
Common  and  prossed  brick  have  boon  made  in  the  following  places  from 
Wyoming  clays:  Laramie,  Albany  County;  Basin,  Big  Horn  County; 

Cody,  Park  County ; Worland,  Washakie  County*  Encampment,  Carbon 
County;  Douglas,  Converse  County;  Gillette,  Campbell  County;  Lander, 
Fremont  County;  Thcrmopolis,  Hot  Springs  County;  Casper,  Natrona 
County;  Wheatland,  Platte  County;  Sheridan,  Sheridan  County;  and  Green 
River,  Sweetwater  County, 

Fire  clay  is  also  found  in  a great  number  of  places  where  the 
Cretacoous,  Juraapic  and  Triassic  formations  are  exposed.  Many  of 
those  deposits  stt'e  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick,  tiling 
and  terra  cotta.  A plant  is  being  constructed  at  Lovoll  to  make 
drainage  tiling  for  use  in  draining  bogged  areas  in  the  Big  Horn  Basin. 
Natural  gas  from  the  Byron  field  will  be  used  for  fuel. 

' In  1916,  Wyoming  produced  7,932,000  brick  valued  at  $86,716.00. 
In  1917,  the  production  was  10,699,000  brick  valued  at  $103,140.00. 

The  production  for  1918  and  1919  has  not  yet  been  reported. 


CEMENT  MATERIALS . 

Limestone  and  shale  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  Portland 
cement  are  found  in  a large  number  of  places,  notably  in  northeastern 
Wyoming,  the  Big  Horn  Basin,  the  Laramie  Basin,  and  southeastern  Wyoming. 
The  Minnekahta  limestone  outcropping  near  Newcastle  and  a bed  of  cal- 
careous shale  found  in  the  Graneros  formation  of  the  same  locality  are 
both  good  raw  materials  for  manufacturing  cement.  The  Morrison  and 
the  Graneros  formations  of  this  district  also  contain  good  shale 
materials.  In  southeastern  'Wyoming  along  the  eastern  edge  of  the 
Laramie  Range  there  are  a number  of  deposits  containing  good  cement 
materials.  Near  Iron  Mountain  the  Niobrara  and  Minnekahta  limestones 
and  the  Graneros  and  Pierre  shales  outcrop  and  the  same  formations  are 


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also  found  in  the  Laramie  Basin  to  the  west.  The  mountains  sur- 
rounding the  Big  Horn  Basin  contain  innumerable  exposures  of  lime- 
stone in  the  Embar  and  Madison  formations  and  shales  in  the  Benton 
and  Morrison  formations,  as  likewise  do  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Wind  River  Mountains  in  Fremont  County  and  also  the  mountains  of 
Uinta  and  Lincoln  counties.. 

An  ideal  location  for  cement  plants  in  Wy oming  would  be 
where  the  materials  are  found  in  connection  with  a supply  of  natural 
gas  available  for  fuel.  Such  conditions  probably  exist  at  Casper, 
Greybull,  Lovell  and  Cody.  The  natural  gas  may  be  obtained  at  these 
places  from  the  Poison  Spider,  Hidden  Dome-,  Byron,  and  Oregon  Basin 
fields  and  limestones  and  shales  are  found  in  the  Casper  Mountains,  in 
the  canyons  of  the  Big  Horn  River  between  Greybull  and  Lovell  and  south 
and  west  of  Cody. 

EPSOMITE . 

Epsom  salt,  or  magnesium  sulphate,  is  found  in  soda  lakes  in 
Laramie,  Carbon  and  Natrona  counties. 

Brooklyn  Lake  near  Wilcox  Station,  Albany  County,  is  reported 
to  contain  a large  area  of  natural  Epsom  salt,  and  there  are  also  other 
smaller  lakes  in  this  locality  containing  epsomite.  Another  im- 

portant deposit  of  Epsom  salt,  associated  with  soda  and  potassium  salts, 
is  at  Poison  Lake,  18  miles  from  Douglas,  Converse  County.  A reduction 
plant  has  been  erected  at  this  site#  and  commercial  production  re” 
cently  begun.  Good  prices  are  being  paid  for  this  product. 


FULLER’S  EARTH. 


Fuller’s  Earth  is  known  to  occur  in  the  Chadron  formation 
which  is  the  basal  member  of  the  White  River  Group.  This  formation 
is  found  in  a great  number  of  places  in  eastern  Wyoming,  especially  in 
Converse,  Niobrara,  Platte,  Goshen,  and  Laramie  counties.  Although 
no  Fuller's  Earth  operations  have  been  reported,  there  is  a possibility 
of  discovering  workable  deposits  near  shipping  points  which  will  bear 
investigation.  The  average  price  paid  in  1918  for  eastern  Fuller’s 
Earth  was  £13.79  per  ton. 

Fuller’s  Earth  is  a clay  which  has  the  property  of  clarifying 
lard,  petroleum,  and  cottonseed  oils  and  is  used  largely  in  oil  re- 
fineries and  in  packing  houses,  A chemical  analysis  is  not  sufficient 
to  determine  the  quality  of  Fuller’s  Earth,  but  it  must  be  tested  by 
experimenting  with  oils. 


GLASS  SAND. 

Glass  sand  has  been  produced  in  a quarry  three  miles  east  of 
Laramie  from  a soft  sandstone  of  the  Casper  formation.  It  is  found 
in  abundance  in  nearly  every  county  of  the  State.  A glass  factory  is 
being  built  at  Lovell  to  utilize  a deposit  near  by,  together  with  the 
Byron  gas  as  fuel. 


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There  is  no  question  hut  that  the  glass  industry  has  a 
future  in  Wyoming,  especially  in  view  of  our  vast  reserves  of  natural 
gas  which  is  the  only  fuel  that  can  he  used  with  success  in  glass 
manufacturing,  on  account  of  its  cheapness,  quantity,  and  ease  of 
control.  Thus,  glass  making  in  the  United  States  is  practically 
dependent  on  natural  gas.  The  Cretaceous  and  Carboniferous  series 
in  Wyoming  contain  many  beds  of  pure  sandstone  and  limestone  not  a 
great  distance  from  our  principal  gas  fields. 


GRANITE  AND  OTHER  BUILDING  STONES. 

Granite  is  the  core  rock  of  most  of  our  mountain  ranges. 

The  Laramie  Range  contains  good  quarrying  granite  as  do  most  of  the 
mountain  systems  of  'Wyoming.  The  Sherman  Hill  gravel,  or  disinte- 
grated granite,  covers  a large  area  in  the  Laramie  Mountains  between 
Cheyenne  and  Laramie.  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  has  quarried 
millions  of  tons  of  this  material  for  use  as  road  ballast  and  there- 
by has  made  its  lines  superior  to  nearly  all  other  roads  in  road-bed 
construction.  It  is  also  very  fine  material  for  highway  construc- 
tion. 


Building  sandstone  is  also  found  in  every  portion  of  the 
State.  Almost  every  town  can  avail  itself  of  some  sandstone 
deposit  either  for  building  purposes  or  for  rough  masonry.  One  of 
the  principal  quarries  is  at  Rawlins,  Carbon  County,  from  which  large 
quantities  of  sandstone  have  been  shipped.  Most  of  the  important 
buildings  of  southern  Wyoming,  including  the  Capitol,  are  built  of 
this  stone.  Limestone  for  building  use  is  also  quarried  near 
Laramie,  Albany  County;  near  Rawlins,  Carbon  County;  at  Horse  Creek, 
Laramie  County;  near  Hartville,  Platte  County;  Sheridan,  Sheridan 
County;  and  Green  River,  Sweetwater  County.  Flux  limestone  is 
produced  near  Rawlins  and  Guernsey.  Limestone  for  sugar  beet 
refining  is  quarried  at  Granite  Canyon,  Laramie  County;  near  Laramie, 
Albany  County;  and  near  Greybull,  Big  Horn  County. 

Marbles  are  also  prevalent  in  many  parts  of  the  State. 

They  are  found  in  the  rocks  flanking  most  of  the  mountain  ranges. 
Important  deposits  occur  in  the  Hartville  district  in  Platte  ard 
Goshen  counties;  at  Plumbago  Canyon;  and  near  Douglas,  Converse 
County. 


GRAPHITE . 


Amorphous  graphite,  or  plumbago,  is  found  in  Fremont  County 
near  Miner's  Delight,  in  the  Haystack  Hills  near  Ironton,  in  Goshen 
and  Platte  counties,  and  in  Albany  County  about  27  miles  northeast 
of  Laramie.  The  latter  locality  is  called  Plumbago  Canyon  because 
of  the  number  of  graphite  deposits  therein..  Some  development  work 
has  been  done  on  these  prospects  in  the  early  days,  The  material 
is  mostly  low  grade  and  mixed  with  impurities.  Of  the  deposits  in 
the  Haystack  Hills  near  Ironton  and  Frederick  the  most  promising  are 
located  in  Section  1,  T.  27  N.,  R.  65  \7. , and  Sections  14,  15,  22, 

24,  25,  26,  27,  34,  35,  and  36,  T.  28  N.,  R.  65  W,  In  this  area 

the  graphite  occurs  in  schist  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  granite 
and  pegmatite.  Low  grade  ore  is  found  in  comparatively  large 
veins.  The  Miner's  Delight  is  reported  to  be  extensive  and  high 
grade.  . No  production  is  reported. 


-11- 


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GYPSUM  (GYPSITE). 


Gypsum,  calcium  sulphate,  is  one  of  the  most  common  minerals 
in  Wyoming  and  is  found  in  practically  every  county  in  the  State.  It 
occurs  abundantly  in  the  Chugwater,  or  Spearfish,  formation  ("Red  Beds”) 
and  to  some  extent  in  the  Lrribar  or  Park  City  formation.  The  "Red  Beds" 
contain  very  large  deposits  ranging  from  a few  inches  to  60  feet  in 
thickness.  Some  large  deposits  of  the  crystalline  variety  are  found 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State. 

Gypsite  is  gypsum  earth  resulting  from  the  disintegration 
and  redeposition  of  the  rock  gypsum.  The  manufacture  of  plaster  of 
Paris  from  rock  gypsum  and  cement  plaster  from  gypsite  has  been  carried 
on  extensively  for  a long  time  at  Laramie  and  Red  Buttes,  Albany  County. 
Plaster  mills  are  being  operated  in  the  Big  Horn  Basin  at  Basin  and 
Kane,  Wyoming,  and  gypsum  building  blocks  are  also  being  made  at  Basin 
for  use  in  that  country  where  the  climate  is  exceptionally  dry. 

The  Wyoming  production  of  gypsum  for  1918  was  41,877  tons  of 
raw  material  from  which  was  manufactured  29,813  tons  of  plaster, 
valued  at  ^195,143.00. 


MANGANESE . 

Manganese  deposits  have  been  discovered  in  the  Laramie  Peak 
region  and  near  Marshall,  Albany  County,  and  in  Big  Horn,  Crook,  Fremont, 
Sweetwater  and  Uinta  counties.  An  extensive  deposit  is  located  in 
the  Bear  Lodge  Mountains,  Crook  County,  about  10  miles  north  of  Sun- 
dance. The  ore  is  reported  to  contain  57 of  manganese  dioxide. 

Some  development  work  has  been  done  on  manganese  deposits  in  this  State, 
but  no  production  is  reported.  It  is  used  as  an  alloy  in  the  steel 
industry.  High  grade  ore  is  worth  about  $25.00  per  ton. 


MICA. 

Muscovite  mica  is  found  in  the  Haystack  Hills  near  Ironton 
and  Frederick,  Goshen  County.  It  occurs  in  pegmatite  dikes  cutting 
pre-Cambrian  schists.  The  principal  deposits  are  in  Sections  25,  26, 
27,  34,  35,  and  36,  T.  28  N.,  R.  65  W, , and  in  Sections  1,  2,  and  3, 

T.  27  N«#  R.  65  W,  Considerable  development  has  been  done  on  some 
of  these  prospects  and  some  high  grade  sheet  mica  has  been  shipped. 
Probably  high  local  transportation  and  freight  rates  are  all  that 
prevent  commercial  operations  in  this  district.  Important  de- 
posits of  mica  are  found  near  Encampment,  Carbon, County,  and  in  the 
Medicine  Bow  Mountains,  Albany  County,  some  of  which  have  commercial 
possibilities.  Veins  of  mica  have  also  been  discovered  in  the 
Casper  Mountains,  Converse  and  Albany  counties;  in  the  Wind  River 
Mountains,  Fremont  County;  and  in  the  Black  Hills,  Crook  County. 


MINERAL  WATERS. 


Mineral  waters,  both  hot  and  cold,  are  very  numerous  in  many 
parts  of  the  State,  Most  of  them  are  said  to  contain  valuable  cura- 
tive properties.  These  waters  apparently  have  their  origin  in  the 
beds  of  the  Triassic  and  Permian  series  and  contain  lime,  magnesia 
and  soda  as  sulphates  and  chlorides,  which  salts  are  probably  derived 
from  these  formations.  The  temperatures  of  the  warm  springs  range 
from  90  to  140  degrees.  The  better  known  springs  are  located  at 
Saratoga,  Thermopolis,  Cody,  Fort  Washakie,  and  Granite  Canyon.  In 


-12- 


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-SI- 


addition,  mention  should  be  made  of  the  wonderful  hot  springs  and 
geysers  of  Yellowstone  Park,  northwestern  Wyoming.  In  1918  41,335 
gallons  of  mineral  water  were  sold  from  Wyoming  springs,  valued  at 
$5, 513. 00. 

PHOSPHATE  ROCK. 

Phosphate  deposits  are  found  in  Lincoln,  Hot  Springs,  and 
Fremont  comities,  and  cover  an  area  which  aggregates  approximately 
1,500  square  miles  of  territory.  The  Government  has  reserved  998, 
592  acres  of  phosphate  lands  in  western  Wyoming,  contiguous  to  Idaho 
and  in  the  Wind  River  and  the  Owl  Creek  Mountains  and  has  classified 
25,076  acres  in  the  Shoshone  Indian  Reservation,  making  a total  of 
1,182,816  acres.  This  land  is  open  to  development  under  the  act 
of  February  25th,  1920.  The  phosphate  beds  occur  principally  in 
the  Embar  or  Park  City  formation  of  Carboniferous  Age,  They  range 
from  a few  feet  to  10  feet  in  thickness.  The  following  is  quoted 
from  Mineral  Resources,  1918,  published  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey: 

"The  richest  deposit  reported  in  northwestern  Wyoming 
is  in  the  canyon  of  Snake  River,  3 miles  below  the  mouth 
of  Fall  River.  Here,  besides  the  main  bed,  9 feet  thick, 
a random  sample  from  which  yielded  68.5  per  cent  of  tri- 
calcium phosphate,  there  are  several  beds  from  2 to  12  feet 
thick,  carrying  from  20  to  60  per  cent  of  tricalcium  phos- 
phate. In  southwestern  Wyoming,  in  the  Sublette  Ridge, 
Beckwith  Hills,  and  Cckeville  areas,  the  phosphate  is  com- 
parable in  quality  and  thickness  with  the  Idaho  rock,  though 
the  thickness  of  the  high-grade  bed,  containing  70  per  cent 
or  more  of  tricalcium  phosphate,  is  less  uniform,  apparently 
ranging  from  about  3 to  5 feet. 

"In  the  Wind  River  and  Owl  Creek  mountains  there  are 
two  phosphate  beds,  one  of  which  is  persistent  throughout 
both  ranges,  and  the  other  - the  lower  one  - is  limited  to 
the  southeastern  part  of  the  Wind  River  Range.  On  the 
northeastern  slope  of  the  Wind  River  Range,  near  Lander, 
along  a front  of  30  miles  the  upper  bed  is  3 to  5 feet  thick 
and  contains  40  per  cent  or  more  of  tricalcium  phosphate; 
elsewhere  it  is  of  only  slight  prospective  value.  In  the 
same  locality  the  lower  bed  across  several  townships  is  2 
to  4 feet  thick  and  the  content  of  tricalcium  phosphate  is 
45  per  cent  or  more. 

"The  quantity  of  phosphate  rock  in  the  Wyoming  fields 
is  very  great,  though  much  of  it  is  of  medium  or  low  grade. 

The  Sublette  Ridge,  Beckwith  Hills,  and  Cokeville  areas 
are  estimated  to  contain  37,200,000  tons  of  high-grade 
phosphate  rock.  It  is  not  yet  practicable  to  make  es- 
timates of  the  other  fields.  Rock  has  been  shipped  from 
Cokeville  and  Sage,  Lincoln  County," 

The  production  of  phosphate  rock  for  1919  was  2 cars  from 
Cokeville  and  22  cars  from  Sage,  Wyoming. 


POTASH. 

Potash  occurs  in  the  lava  rock,  Wyomingite,  of  the  Leucite 
Hills,  Sweetwater  County.  The  potash  content  of  the  leucite  is  dis- 
tributed among  the  minerals  leucite,  phlogopite,  and  a glassy  base 
which  is  chiefly  uncombined  silica.  Leucite  is  the  chief  potash- 
bearing mineral  in  Wyomingite.  Late  Tertiary  lava  flows 


-13- 


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probably  covered  large  areas  north  and  northeast  of  Rock  Springs,  but 
the  deposits  remaining  which  have  resisted  erosion  are  found  mostly  as 
the  cap  rocks  of  the  higher  hills  and  buttes  scattered  throughout  this 
area.  The  most  important  deposits  are  Pilot  Butte,  Zirkel  Mesa, 

Emmons  Mesa,  Cross  Mesa,  Orenda  Mesa,  Hague  Hill,  Endliqh  Mesa,  and 
Steamboat  Mountain. 

The  United  States  Geological  Survey  estimates  that  Wyomingite 
contains  an  overage  of  1C$  potash  (K20)  and  also  10$  alumina  (A1203) 
and  that  the  aggregate  tonnage  of  potash-bearing  rocks  in  this  area  is 
1, 97.3, 496, 177  tons,  containing  197,349,617  tons  of • combined  potash  and 
a liko  amount  of  combined  alumina. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  extract  the  potash  from  Wyomingite 
on  a commercial  basis,  but  so  far  results  are  not  encouraging.  The 
ore  from  the  mine  near  Superior  was  transported  by  aerial  tramway  to 
Superior  and  thence  by  railroad  to  Green  River,  Wyoming,  where  the  re- 
duction plant  was  located.  It  appears  that  the  market  prices  for 
potash  prevailing  subsequent  to  the  war  were  too  low  to  justify  con- 
tinued operations  in  this  plant. 

Potash  is  also  found  in  solution  in  a small  lake  near  Gil- 
lette, Wyoming,  The  origin  is  probably  the  clinker,  or  burned 
shale,  beds  which  surround  the  lake.  The  clinker  beds  are  the  re- 
sult of  burning  coal  seams  and  contain  potash,  soda,  and  magnesia,  v. 
which  are  soluble  salts  and  are  leached  out  by  the  surface  waters  drain- 
ing into  the  lake.  A reduction  plant  has  been  located  at  this  site, 
but  no  commercial  production  has  been  reported. 


SALT  (HALITE)  . 

Common  salt  is  found  in  the  soda  lakes  of  Albany,  Carbon, 
and  Natrona  counties  and  in  Salt  Creek,  Crook  County.  Salt  springs 
occur  in  the  Star  Valley,  Lincoln  County,  and  in  the  early  days  large 
amounts  of  salt  were  boiled  from  these  springs  and  were  hauled  to  the 
mining  camps  of  Idaho  and  Montana.  Another  salt  producing  area  is 
south  of  Star  Valley  on  Salt  Creek.  The  springs  are  reported  to  be 
in  Section  26,  T.  £9  Ni,  R.  119  W*  Only  a small  production  for  local 

use  is  reported  from  these  localities. 


SOLA 

Sodium  Sulphate  (Glauber  Salts). 


Natural  soda,  or  white  alkali,  consists  chiefly  of  sodium 
sulphate  and  is  found  in  a great  number  of  small  lakes  and  basins 
throughout  central,  southern,  and  southwestern  Wyoming,  more  particular- 
ly in  Carbon,  Albany,  Natrona,  Fremont,  Johnson,  and  Sweetwater  counties. 
Natural  soda  has  been  produced  commercially  from  the  Union  Pacific  lakes 
13  miles  south  of  Laramie,  from  the  Downey  lakes  22  miles  southwest  of 
Laramie,  from  the  Rock  Creek  group  18  miles  north  of  Rock  River,  and. 
also  from  deposits  in  Sweetwater  Valley,  Natrona  County,  Sodium 
sulphate  is  now  being  produced  on  a large  scale  from  lakes  10  miles 
northeast  and  35  miles  west  of  Casper*  The  production  from  this 
source  for  1919  was  3,245  tons.  The  sulphates  and  carbonates  of  soda 
are  also  produced  as  a by-product  in  the  Epsom  Salts  works  near  Douglas. 
Wyoming  soda  deposits  are  described  in  United  States  Geological  Survey 
Bulletin  430,  pp.  570  to  590. 

Sodium  sulphate  is  one  of  the  State’s  best  mineral  resources 
and  there  seems  to  be  a great  demand  for  it  and  its  manufactured 


-14' 


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products,  which  are  caustic  soda,  salt  cake,  and  soda  ash.  However, 
the  principal  market  for  raw  soc’ium  sulphate  is  in  the  manufacture  of 
livestock  food  and  the  production  noted  above  is  for  this  purpose. 

The  present  high  f>  eight  rates  on  raw  soda  from  Wyoming  point.-  to 
Kansas  City  and  Chicago  are  * * ..-.criing  the  development  of  our  natural 
deposits,  for  the  rear. or  the t.  \t  is.  difficult  to  compete  with  by- 
product soda  (salt  cake*  na>.v:i  .vctnred  in  Chicago  and  other  cities  of 
the  middle  west.  Raw  so&a  is  worth  about  $2 0,00  per  ton  in  the 
Chicago  market. 

Sodium  carbonate,  or  sal  soda,  is  found  in  many  of  the  al- 
kali deposits  associated  with  sodium  sulphate -:and  magnesium  sulphate. 
The  percentage  of  sal  soda,  however,  is  general ly  snail.  For  a 
number  of  years  sal  soda  has  been  produced  from  wells  near  Green  River, 
Vfyommg,  This  production  at  the  present  time  is  small. 


SULPHUR . 

Native  sulphur  is  found  in  considerable  quantities  near 
Thermopolis,  Hot  Springs  County,  and  near  Cody  in  Park  County.  Both 
deposits  have  been  mined  to  some  extent  and  the  product  shipped. 

The  sulphur  occurs  both  in  massive,  practically  pure  form  and  in 
crystalline  form  disseminated  in  travertine.  Sulphur  and  travertine 
were  deposited  by  hot*  circulating  waters  in  the  crevices  and  channels 
of  dolomitio  limestone.  The  dejjosits,  therefore,  are  not  solid  and 
continuous  but  are  in  pockets  and  stringers  and  lenses,  and  the  low- 
grade  disseminated  material  is  far  in  excess  of  the  pure,  massive  sul- 
phur , Much  of  the  hi  go  grade  sulphur  has  been  shipped  from  these 
deposits.  Plans  are  now  being  executed  to  mine  the  low-grade  sul- 
phur for  the  manufacture  of  fertilizer.  It  is  proposed  to  grind  the 
material  up  with  rock  phosphate,  which  is  available  near  Thermopolis, 
and  to  add  a bacteria  which  will  render  the  sulphur  content  soluble. 
Other  deposits  of  sulphur  in  these  two  counties  and  also  in,  Fremont 
County  Have  been  reported.  The  hot  springs  district  in  Yellowstone 
Park  also  contains  important  sulphur  deposits. 


CONCLUSION , 

The  above  description  includes  practically  all  the  minerals 
for  which  an  economic  future  can  now  be  see r with  certainty.  A number 
of  other  minerals,  some  of  which  are  rare,  have  been  reported  from  dif* 
ferept  parts  of  the  State  and  many  of  them  may  prove  to  be  commercially 
valuable  in  the  future.  They  are  listed  as  follows,  together  with 
the  general  locality  of  occurrence: 


Agates  ana  crystals:  Natrona,  Albany,  Crook,  Sweetwater, 

Garb  on , ' Goshen , Platte,  Fremont,  and 
Laramie  counties. 

Alum  (aluminum  sulphate:  Big  Horn,  Fremont,  Sweetwater, 

and  Crook  counties. 

Arsenic:  Black  Hills 

Barite:  Sweetwater  Count;/. 

Bicmuth:  Albany  County. 

B or  an , Premcn  t C ounty  . 


Corundum : 

Eiatomaceous  Earth: 
I&lybdenite : 

Nickel : 

Tungs  ten : 
pumice  stone: 


Wind  River  Mountains . 
Sweetwater  and  Crook  counties. 
Laramie,  Big  Horn,  and  Johns  or. 

counties. 

Converse  and  Laramie  counties. 
Albany  County, 

Albany  County, 


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